四种鱚属鱼类线粒体Cyt b基因的序列变异及系统发育研究

测定和分析了4种鱚属(Sillago)鱼类:斑鱚(Sillago aeolus)、亚洲鱚(S. asiatica)、多鳞鱚(S. sihama)和少鳞鱚(S. japonica)线粒体细胞色素b基因序列片段,比较了不同鱚属鱼类种间的序列差异,探讨了彼此间系统发育关系和分类地位。结果显示,4种鱼类平均核苷酸组成为T 29.9%、C 29.2%、A 21.5%、G 19.3%,种间平均净遗传距离在0.157到0.280之间。最大似然法构建的系统树显示,少鳞鱚和亚洲鱚首先聚类、再与多鳞鱚和斑鱚相聚,斑鱚是最晚分化出的鱼类。基于Cyt b基因序列核苷酸分歧速率计算得出4种鱼类发生遗传分化时间在距今785—1400年前的第三纪中新世(Miocene)。     

Serum amyloid A (SAA) mRNA expression in chicken and quails in response to bacterial stress

Monitoring of acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A at gene expression level may provide quick information about immune status of the host and its susceptibility towards common infections. Present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the mRNA expression of SAA gene in Rhode Island Red chicken (RIR) and Japanese quails using real time PCR analysis in response to inactivated Salmonella gallinarum culture. The results showed that expression of SAA gene was approximately 17–33 folds higher in case of birds administered with bacterial culture when compared to un-inoculated controls and expression was higher and quicker in case of quails than RIR chicken. The SAA genes from chicken and quail were cloned and upon sequence analysis it was observed that deduced amino acid sequence of SAA from chicken and quails were having approximately seven percent variation which might have significance in function of this protein in these species.     

Effect of delaying the time of insemination with sex-sorted semen on pregnancy rate in Holstein heifers

The objective of the study was to evaluate the interval from onset of oestrus to time of artificial insemination (AI) to obtain the optimum pregnancy rate with sex-sorted semen in Holstein heifers. Heifers in oestrus were detected and inseminated only by using heat–rumination neck collar comprised electronic identification tag at the age of 13–14 months. Heifers (n = 283) were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the timing of insemination at 12–16 hr (G1, n = 97), at 16.1–20 hr (G2, n = 94) and at 20.1–24 hr (G3, n = 92) after reaching the activity threshold. The mean duration of oestrus was 18.6 ± 0.1 hr, and mean peak activity was found at 7.5 ± 0.1 hr after activity threshold. The mean interval from activity threshold to ovulation was 29.4 ± 0.4 hr. The overall pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was 53.0% at 29–35 days and 50.9% at 60–66 days after AI. There was a significant reduction between G1 (13.8 ± 1.4 hr) and G3 (7.9 ± 1.4 hr) related to the intervals from AI to ovulation time. Sex-sorted semen resulted in significantly higher P/AI at 29–35 days when heifers inseminated in G3 (60.9%) after oestrus than those inseminated in G1 (49.5%) and G2 (48.9%). In terms of fertility, when the temperature–humidity index (THI) was below the threshold value (THI ≤65) at the time of AI, there was a tendency (≤65; 57.2% vs. > 65; 47.1%) for high pregnancy rate. There was no effect of sire on P/AI. In addition, the interaction of the technician with the time of AI was found significant, and three-way interaction of technician, sire and time of AI was tended to be significant on pregnancy rate. Thus, in addition to delaying the time of insemination (between 20.1 and 24 hr) after oestrous detection, THI and experienced technician were also found to be critical factors in increasing fertility with the use of sex-sorted semen in Holstein heifers.     

‘金艳’猕猴桃果实生长规律及不同采收期对其品质的影响

以‘金艳’猕猴桃为材料,研究其果实生长动态规律及不同采收期(谢花后153 d、168 d、183 d和198 d)(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)的软果品质。结果表明：金艳猕猴桃在凉山州西昌市一般4月中旬进入盛花期；在生育期内,果实尺寸(纵、横径)呈前期逐渐增大,后期趋于平稳的变化,谢花后59 d内为果实快速膨大期,谢花后101 d进入生长缓滞期；随采收期延迟,果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质和糖酸比呈逐渐升高的趋势；早期采收(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质、糖酸比和总氨基酸偏低,淀粉和粗纤维较高；晚期采收(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质、糖酸比较高,淀粉和粗纤维较低,风味更浓,口感更佳；Ⅳ期维生素C和总氨基酸含量最高,但采收较晚不利于当年鲜果销售；若作为鲜果,其最佳采收期为Ⅲ期,Ⅱ期和Ⅳ期可作为备选采收期；作为保健品加工原料,最佳采收期为Ⅳ期。     

过滤后养猪废水厌氧发酵与固氮技术研究

为探究养殖废水高效处理方法,文章采用粉碎玉米秸秆过滤养殖废水中悬浮性固体,并对过滤后养猪废水作厌氧发酵和固氮研究。经过滤,总固体(TS)去除率达47.55%,在中温(35±2)℃条件下,研究5、15、25 d 3种不同水力停留时间(HRT),过滤后养猪废水全混合厌氧发酵特性。厌氧发酵过程运行稳定,产生沼气甲烷含量均稳定在70%左右,当水力停留时间为15 d时,产甲烷效率为239.17 mL CH4/gVS,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)去除率60.94%。沼液采用鸟粪石沉淀法固氮处理,经过试验参数优化在物质的量比n(Mg2+)n(PO43-):n(NH4+)=1.021.061、pH为9.6条件下,氨氮(TAN)去除率达86.66%,处理后沼液中氨氮浓度为160 mg·L-1,研究结果可为养猪废水资源化利用提供参考。     

基于SPEI_PM指数的渭河流域气象干旱时空演变特征

利用渭河流域25个气象站点1980−2018年月值气象数据集，基于Penman-Monteith蒸散模型计算多个时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI），分析渭河流域气象干旱的演变、趋势、影响范围、发生频率和持续时间等时空变化特征，以期为渭河流域防灾减灾管理提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）近39a来渭河流域有明显的干湿周期变化，但整体上呈变干的趋势，干旱时段主要集中在1995−2009年，其中以2000−2009年的干旱站次比最大，平均达到36%，且干旱持续时间最长，约3.6个月，1980−1989年干旱持续时间最短，约1.6个月；（2）渭河流域秋季总体呈湿润变化趋势，而春季和夏季干旱在不断加剧，是区域年际干旱的主要驱动力；（3）渭河流域干旱以危害性较小的轻中旱为主，但2000年前后出现严重及极端干旱的站次相对较多，其中1997年研究区内发生的干旱程度较高，影响范围较广；（4）不同时间尺度各等级干旱发生频率的变化规律表现一致，均呈现出干旱等级越高发生频率越低的态势，且极端干旱在年际尺度内发生次数较为频繁，从空间上看渭河流域东北部是干旱多发区。总之，近39a来渭河流域总体干旱较为严重的时段为2000−2009年，且研究区内干旱呈北重南轻特征，因此北部地区仍需加强防灾管理。     

生态足迹时间序列趋势外推分析的一种新方法及其应用

应用数学生态学的有关理论与方法,结合生态足迹的概念,提出了一种生态足迹时间序列的新的趋势外推分析方法;并以甘肃省河西绿洲农业区为研究对象,对其生态足迹进行了趋势外推分析的实例计算。结果表明,本研究中的趋势外推分析方法在生态足迹时间序列分析中的应用能够取得较好的结果;但模型本身的不足使其在实际数据存在短期剧烈波动时,拟合的结果与实际值之间存在较大的差距。本研究提出的包含随机影响的趋势外推分析方法进一步补充和完善了原有生态足迹分析方法的不足,在理论和实践中都有较高的指导和应用价值。     

Optimising cutting method and timing for the control of Abutilon theophrasti seed production

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) is a widespread and problematic annual weed. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different cutting methods on the viability of A. theophrasti seeds. Three cutting methods were assessed: (1) Entire plant cut and dried (EPD)—plants were cut at soil level and dried with capsules attached on the greenhouse bench or soil surface for 4 weeks; (2) capsules detached and dried (CD)—capsules were removed from plants and dried for 4 weeks; and (3) capsules detached and tested while fresh (CF)—a control treatment. Before drying, the developmental stage (stage one, dark green; stage two, light green; stage three, yellowish-green; or stage four, black with the slightly open capsule) and age (days after flowering, DAF) of each capsule was recorded. Seed viability was measured immediately in the CF treatment and after the 4-week drying period in the EPD and CD treatments. No seeds in the EPD and CD treatments were viable when harvested at the first developmental stage (1–8 DAF) in either experiment, but 100% of seeds in the CF treatment in the field were viable when harvested at 8 DAF. In both greenhouse and field experiments, seeds attained full viability at earlier harvest ages in CF than in EPD or CD treatments, suggesting that seeds might become viable relatively early in development but lose viability if allowed to dry. These findings could be applied to optimise late-season mechanical control of A. theophrasti.     

光源、性别及光处理时间对草地贪夜蛾趋光行为的影响

为研发高效、精准的监测防控设备,利用八臂行为选择装置系统测定不同光源、性别和光处理时间下草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的趋光行为。结果显示,在紫外光（波长365 nm）、紫光（波长420～430 nm）、蓝光（波长465～475 nm）、绿光（波长525～535 nm）、黄光（波长585～595 nm）和红光（波长655～665 nm）6种波长光源下,草地贪夜蛾混合种群（雌雄成虫比为1∶1）对紫外光光源的趋光选择率最高,为25.61%,显著高于其他处理,其次为紫光和蓝光光源,趋光选择率分别为16.30%和8.82%,对红光的趋光选择率最低,为4.76%。在紫外光刺激下,草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的趋光选择率显著高于混合种群（雌雄成虫比为1∶1）,在红光刺激下,雄成虫的趋光选择率显著高于雌成虫。另外,在紫外光刺激下,光处理时间60 min草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的趋光选择率显著高于其他处理。表明光源与性别因素均影响草地贪夜蛾的趋光行为,光处理时间对草地贪夜蛾的趋光行为影响较小,且与光源及性别因素有关。